The Role of the Military Police in Enhancing ADF-AFP Interoperability on Peace and Stability Operations

Journal Edition

Abstract

This article examines the critical role that the Royal Australian Corps of Military Police (RACMP) can play in enacting multiple recommendations made within the government’s Interoperability Review Between the Australian Defence Force and the Australian Federal Police for Regional Stabilisation Operations. The author demonstrates the strong links already established between RACMP and AFP, and how their shared operational experiences and similar tactical approach can be harnessed to effect new organisations and procedures that will become increasingly important to ADF success in the complex battlespaces of today and tomorrow.

Introduction

The evolution of modern peace and stability operations has resulted in an increasing blend of military and police action within a complex environment shaped by humanitarian and diplomatic activity. As the Australian Defence Force (ADF) and Australian Federal Police (AFP) seek to complement their respective lines of operation, the versatility and suitability of the Military Police (MP) in enhancing ADF–AFP interoperability has not been fully recognised. Recent interoperability initiatives implemented by both the ADF and AFP have involved limited participation or contribution by the RACMP despite its proven history of operational and training cooperation with civilian police (CIVPOL).

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the fundamental role of the RACMP in enhancing ADF–AFP interoperability on peace and stability operations. This will be achieved by highlighting the evolution of complex peace and stability operations and the development of complementary ADF–AFP operations; illustrating the specialist support MP provide to the restoration of law and order on peace and stability operations through its commonality with CIVPOL; and finally, outlining the development of the AFP International Deployment Group (IDG) and the contribution of MP to ADF–AFP interoperability initiatives.

Evolution of Complex Peace and Stabilty Operations

The changing nature of peace and stability operations, from the traditional disengagement and separation of forces (Cambodia 1991) to complex intrastate multidimensional operations (Timor Leste 2006), has resulted in greater interaction between the ADF and key law enforcement, humanitarian and diplomatic components. During an address to the International Peace Operations Seminar in 2007, Major General Michael Smith (Rtd) outlined several military lessons learnt from the ADF’s involvement in modern complex peace and stability operations characterised by a concentration of ‘grey’ areas in which military, humanitarian and other agencies overlap. Major General Smith, a former Deputy Force Commander of INTERFET, illustrated the evolution of peace and stability operations, and emergence of the ‘thin blue line’ that exists between the role of military and law enforcement, by identifying the need for more Civil–Military Cooperation (CIMIC) and constabulary capabilities, and improved police–military cooperation within the ADF.

Current operations in Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands highlight the blend of military-led ‘low-end warfighting’ and police-led ‘high-end policing’ operations, as part of a whole-of-government response, within a ‘humanitarian space’ filled with a significant number of diverse organisations and components (Figure 1). The European Commission’s Directorate for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) defines humanitarian space as ‘the access and freedom for humanitarian organizations to assess and meet humanitarian needs’.¹

The concept of humanitarian space seeks to replace the conventional notion of a ‘battlespace’, as the complex physical, human and informational terrain of modern peace and stability operations is often engulfed by a humanitarian disaster that is perpetuated by the collapse of indigenous government, law enforcement, security, judicial and administrative frameworks. This presents a unique challenge for the ADF as it is now required to adopt the role of humanitarian, peacekeeper and warfighter ‘all in the same day, all within three city blocks’.²

Complementary ADF-AFP Operations

Recent peace and stability operations in Timor Leste and the Solomon Islands have involved the deployment of a large number of CIVPOL, including the AFP, in response to internal conflicts in which the rule of law and legal system is either weak or has collapsed. The ADF considers international CIVPOL as ‘the key secondary partner in peace operations’³ and has identified the need for a civilian ‘police presence ... alongside a military presence, directly helping communities to establish a stable environment’.⁴ Table 1 illustrates the complementary nature of the AFP operations continuum as part of peace and stability operations, and the ADF’s five interdependent and mutually reinforcing lines of operation as part of Adaptive Campaigning.

Figure 1. The Blend of Military and Police Operations within the Humanitarian Space of Complex Peace and Stability Operations

As outlined in the AFP submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Inquiry into Australia’s Involvement in Peacekeeping Operations, the AFP recognises that the exit and entry points of all international participants in a peace and stability operation ‘will be determined by levels of security and the capabilities of the emerging or reshaped state’.⁵ Additionally, the primacy of response and operational leadership will rapidly shift as stability and security is established.

The high level of threat generally associated with the upsurge of intrastate conflict may require the conduct of Joint Land Combat operations by the ADF, albeit low-level, in order to remove belligerent parties and establish a secure environment that will facilitate the conduct of subsequent lines of operations by military and police components. The complex human terrain of contemporary peace and stability operations will often necessitate the conduct of Population Protection operations by the military in a ‘complex chaotic battlespace where so often the essence of it is the establishment or re-establishment of the rule of law’.⁶ This may occur in conjunction with the conduct of Joint Land Combat operations, or may be conducted as the initial response to intense civil unrest that does not involve known belligerent forces.

Recent peace and stability operations have shown that the collapse or weakening of indigenous policing, security and/or legal frameworks creates a law and order vacuum that often places the responsibility for imposing internal law and order on the ADF. In such circumstances, the military will most likely be mandated to perform executive police functions, and will be required to apply extant domestic law or International Humanitarian Law (IHL) to restore and maintain law and order until the transition of responsibility to an international CIVPOL component. The ADF is generally not structured or trained for the inherent challenges of restoring and maintaining law and order within a collapsed or failed state,⁷ therefore it must utilise the specialist skills of its MP in order to ensure mission success.

Table 1. Complementary ADF–AFP Operations

AFP Operations Continuum (Peace and Stability Operations)		ADF Lines of Operations (Adaptive Campaigning)
Peace Building (Preventative Diplomacy) – includes action to prevent disputes from developing between parties, to prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflict and to limit the expansion of conflicts when they occur.	Transition of Operational Leadership	Limited / No capacity
Limited / No capacity		Joint Land Combat – includes actions to secure the environment, remove organised resistance and set conditions for the other lines of operations. May include close combat under contemporary conditions in complex and particularly urban terrain.
Peacemaking, Peace Enforcement, Stability – involving Formed Police and General Duty Police, Military Units and Humanitarian Actors from the threshold of armed conflict to the cessation of armed conflict and conflict resolution.		Population Protection – includes actions to provide immediate security to threatened populations in order to control residence, identity, movement, assembly and the distribution of commodities, therefore setting the conditions for the re-establishment of law and order.
Peace enforcement is the coercive use of legitimate civil and military action, including intervention, to maintain and restore international peace and security (Chapter VII of the UN Charter).
		Population Support – includes actions to provide essential services to affected communities in order to relieve immediate suffering and positively influence the population and their perceptions. Closely aligned to Public Information – actions to inform and shape the perceptions, attitudes, behaviour and understanding of target population groups.
Peacekeeping is a non-coercive response mechanism that involves legitimate international civil and military components with the consent of conflicting parties (Chapter VI of the UN Charter).
Peace Building (Restoration Capacity Building) – includes stability, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts focused on societal and institutional rebuilding and capacity development.		Indigenous Capacity Building – includes actions taken by the Land Force to assist in the development of effective indigenous government, security, police, legal, financial and administrative systems.

Military Police Capabilties in Peace and Stability Operations

MP provide a comprehensive operational policing service to the ADF throughout the spectrum of conflict,⁸ and are trained and equipped to support the critical components of restoring and maintaining law and order as part of its four primary functions detailed in LWD 0-1-3 Military Policing. Table 2 illustrates the specialist support MP provides to the restoration and maintenance of law and order.

Support to the restoration and maintenance of law and order, as part of Population Protection operations, forms part of MP support to all lines of operation undertaken by the ADF. The restoration and maintenance of law and order enhances Public Support operations through the provision of an essential policing service to affected communities. Engagement with the local population during the execution of various policing functions promote MP as an essential mechanism for the dissemination and monitoring of key information messages as part of public information operations. The contribution of MP to the development of key indigenous policing, legal and security stakeholders as part of Indigenous Capacity Building initiatives facilitates the effective transition of responsibility, and contributes to the success of the Land Force exit strategy. Finally, MP are trained and individually equipped to provide Combat Policing ⁹ support to units conducting Joint Land Combat operations. A distinct lack of protected mobility vehicles within MP operational units, however, significantly impedes the ability of collective MP elements to integrate within any Combat Team or Battle Group operating within a medium to high threat environment.

The deployment of Joint Task Force (JTF) 631 to Timor Leste in 2006 emphasised the fundamental role of MP in the military-led restoration and maintenance of law and order in a collapsed or failed state. The nature of tasks completed by the MP in Timor Leste (see Case Study – Timor Leste 2006) illustrates the constabulary capabilities and military–police cooperation that already exists within the ADF. Subsequently, the ADF does not need to ‘grow’ such capabilities for future peace and stability operations, as suggested by Major General Smith, for it already possesses an organsiation with the training, cooperation and operational experiences necessary to enhance ADF–AFP interoperability.

Commonality of Military and Civilian Police

The ability of the MP to perform tasks similar in nature to that of CIVPOL is attributed to the commonality of training undertaken. Training completed by MP at the Defence Police Training Centre, including specialist Investigative, Close Personal Protection (CPP) and MP Dog (MPD) training, corresponds with national policing competencies adopted by Australian state and federal law enforcement agencies. This commonality of training enables the MP to comprehend and adapt CIVPOL practices and procedures to the military environment, both domestically and offshore.

Table 2. MP Support to the Restoration and Maintenance of Law and Order

Restoring and Maintaining Law and Order (ADFP 3.8.1)	MP Support (LWD 0-1-3)
Application of law	• Interpretation of applicable domestic law/IHL/Status of Forces Agreement.
	• Development of operational SOPs to align military actions with applicable laws.
	• Pre-deployment/in-theatre training of ADF personnel.
Power of Arrest	• Operational advice/guidance regarding the application of arrest procedures.
	• Tactical support to apprehension tasks.
	• Use of force (less lethal techniques).
Power of Detention	• Development of operational SOPs regarding detention policy and guidelines.
	• Classification of detained personnel.
	• Management of ADF Detention Facilities in accordance with IHL and International Humanitarian Rights (IHR) standards.
	• Transfer of detained personnel to host nation judicial and prison components.
Investigation of Offences	• Investigation of minor and major criminal offences in accordance with domestic law/IHL.
	• Collection of evidence in relation to offences detected.
	• Crime/incident scene preservation.
Judicial Capability	• Correct storage and continuity of evidence to facilitate the successful prosecution of detained personnel.
Judicial Capability	• Support to the re-establishment of the host nation judicial system, or establishment of a military judicial mechanism.
Liaison	• Development of agreed methods of operation involving combined/joint ADF/CIVPOL patrols, arrest and handover procedures etc.
	• Synchronisation of civilian and military policing activity.
	• Exchange of criminal intelligence and human intelligence to enhance situational awareness.
	• Development of force protection policy/guidelines.
	• Support to the transition of operational leadership and responsibility.

Commonality of training has been fostered into a ‘sound working relationship at the operational and tactical level’¹⁰ through ongoing training, domestic liaison and operational cooperation between MP and CIVPOL. The establishment of various Memorandums of Understanding between the MP and state and federal CIVPOL has facilitated continuous military–police cooperation in relation to training and domestic general duties policing. This frequent interaction has established a mutual understanding of respective policies and procedures, and ability of MP to adapt to the changing role of deployed CIVPOL components.

The structure and capability of CIVPOL components deployed during recent complex peace and stability operations has varied from traditional monitoring roles to the provision of executive police powers, and the involvement of ready reaction units. The AFP has identified the need for a highly trained and well resourced organisation capable of providing a rapid law-enforcement response and long-term stability capacity to offshore internal conflicts. This has been achieved through the development of the AFP IDG.

Development of the AFP IDG

As Australia’s major international law enforcement agency, the AFP understands that ‘policing is as much about diplomatic, security, cooperation and capacity building in the international arena as it is about the traditional values of community-based policing’.¹¹ The AFP IDG was established in February 2004 to manage the deployment of Australian and Pacific Island police deployed overseas and ‘provides an opportunity for Australian and Pacific Island police to operate in a collaborative environment as part of a whole-of-government response to challenging international issues’.¹²

In August 2006, the Australian Government increased funding of the IDG with an additional $493 million to boost staffing levels to approximately 1200 personnel by 2008. The increased funding will provide the IDG with the opportunity to develop long-term international policing initiatives that will contribute to the maintenance of a stable and secure Pacific region. Such initiatives have been implemented within countries in which the ADF are currently deployed (Timor Leste, Solomon Islands and Tonga) and ‘fragile’ regional countries which may require the deployment of ADF elements in the future. The organisational structure of the IDG is depicted in Figure 2.

The increased funding will also enable the IDG to establish a 200-strong Operational Response Group (ORG), which ‘will be a tactical and highly skilled capability in crowd control and riot management with rapid deployment capability’¹³ supported by a Specialist Operational Support Team. The structural and mandated growth of the IDG, particularly the ORG, demonstrates the emergence of the IDG as a leading International CIVPOL organisation, and an essential partner of the MP contribution to ADF–AFP interoperability initiatives.

MP Contributions to ADF-AFP Interoperability Initiatives

Given the increasing complexity of modern peace and stability operations, both the ADF and AFP have identified the need for enhanced interoperability that supports a whole-of-government approach to offshore contingencies involving the military and police. The AFP aims to enhance ‘interdepartmental coordination and cooperation through improved interoperability between the AFP and ADF’¹⁴ and has implemented several initiatives since the establishment of the IDG to provide AFP input into ADF joint doctrine, planning, education and training. Of particular interest is the recent appointment of one AFP officer to the ADFWC and two officers to HQ JOC.

ADF initiatives to enhance interoperability with the AFP have, to date, been primarily focused on AFP contributions to ADF-led planning, education and training. In light of the rapid growth of the IDG, and shared visions of enhanced interoperability, the ADF has been afforded an ideal opportunity to provide direct input into the development of AFP doctrine, planning and training.

Figure 2. Organisational Structure of the AFP IDG

Contemporary definitions of the term ‘interoperability’ include ‘the ability ... to operate in synergy in the execution of assigned tasks’,¹⁵ hence, the development of effective interoperability between military and law enforcement components is significantly enhanced by an organisation that understands the intrinsic nature of both entities and can adapt accordingly. The commonality of training, frequency of domestic CIVPOL liaison and operational experiences (in law enforcement and detention) of the MP is without comparison within the ADF, making it the most suitable organisation to significantly contribute to, and possibly lead, future ADF–AFP interoperability initiatives.

In 2006, the previous government identified a requirement for greater interoperability between the ADF and AFP for the conduct of stabilisation operations in the region. Eight working groups were established to review the interoperability between the two organisations in areas such as coordination, integrated planning and logistics at the strategic, operational and tactical level. The eight working groups identified a total of 120 recommendations, following ‘wide consultation with related areas within each organisation’,¹⁶ which were further reduced to 42 recommendations.

Of the 42 recommendations outlined within the Interoperability Review Between the Australian Defence Force and the Australian Federal Police for Regional Stabilisation Operations, 17 recommendations demonstrate an explicit nexus with the current roles and responsibilities of MP. It should be noted that despite the assertion of wide consultation with related areas within each organisation, MP were not represented, nor afforded the opportunity to contribute, during the conduct of the review.

Table 3 outlines the 17 recommendations that encompass the broad spectrum of the eight interoperability working groups, and highlights the various implementation mechanisms to address each recommendation identified. The implementation mechanisms include the enhancement of extant mechanisms, particularly in relation to training and doctrine development, and the development of operational and tactical interoperability frameworks.

Enhancing Operational Interoperabilty

The ability to shape ADF planning at the earliest stages, and facilitate interoperability with the AFP at the operational level, is best achieved through formal MP representation within key organisations such as HQ JOC (Operations and Plans) and/or AHQ (Regional and Domestic Operations). Representation within HQ JOC, as shown in Figure 3, mirrors recent interoperability initiatives by the AFP and ensures that the development of interoperable capability, training and doctrine is fostered at the tactical level. Without appropriate representation during the planning stage of a peace and stability operation, the force structure of a Joint Interagency Task Force (JIATF) will often lack the necessary MP capabilities to facilitate tactical interoperability.

Enhancing Tactical Interoperability

The ability to expand ADF–AFP interoperability within an operational and/or domestic context to tactical interoperability within a theatre of operation will be best achieved through a structured framework that promotes cooperation and coordination between key law enforcement agencies. Full tactical interoperability is the end state of any initiative implemented at the operational or strategic level, for it is at the tactical level that success of any peace and stability operation will be achieved. The implementation of a Joint Interagency Policing Coordination Cell (JIPCC) and employment of Joint Interagency Policing Teams (JIPTs) are two such frameworks that will enhance tactical interoperability.

Joint Interagency Policing Coordination Cell (JIPCC)

The JIPCC, as depicted in Figure 3, is based on a doctrinal Joint Provost Marshal Cell enhanced by the embedding of military and civilian police Liaison Officers within key cell functions. The JIPCC is centralised at the highest appropriate level of command, generally within HQ JIATF, and provides the necessary planning, coordination and transition of Constabulary Operations¹⁷ or Actions¹⁸ within a joint interagency framework. The embedment of MP, AFP (international CIVPOL) and indigenous CIVPOL within the JIPCC facilitates the ‘development and implementation of protocols and procedures, at the tactical level, for combined tasking’¹⁹ during the conduct of peace and stability operations. Additionally, it allows a ‘constant flow of information between each organisation and a clear communication of the responses required for different tasks and challenges’.²⁰ More importantly, the JIPCC facilitates the ‘seamless transition from military control to police control, vice versa and/or indigenous authorities’²¹ as key policing agencies contribute to the conduct of Constabulary Operations throughout the entire spectrum of peace and stability operations.

The JIPCC is primarily responsible for the provision of policing support by four task-organised building blocks that include general duties, investigations, detention and specialist capabilities. In addition to supporting these four task-organised building blocks, deployed MP assets remain postured to provide Combat Policing support to combat forces operating within a medium to high threat environment.

Joint Interagency Policing Coordination Cell Tactical (JIPCC TAC)

The JIPCC Tac is based on the functions of the JIPCC, however, is a temporary mechanism to provide the necessary liaison and coordination during the conduct of specific Constabulary Operations or Actions. The JIPCC Tac facilitates the establishment of a Tactical Combined Command Post and employment of common Combined Command Post procedures, and is located far enough forward to influence the conduct of Constabulary Operations or Actions.

Figure 3. Operational and Tactical Interoperability Frameworks

Joint Interagency Policing Team (JIPT)

A JIPT is an effects-based capability brick that is task-organised to provide specialist policing support within a complex and rapidly changing environment. The complementary nature of the each JIPT facilitates tactical interoperability between MP, AFP (international CIVPOL) and indigenous CIVPOL, and the seamless transition of command and control between each organisation. The versatile structure, training and equipment of the JIPT is fundamental to the application of precise, discriminate and tailored effects commensurate with the complex conflict environment.

Case Study - Timor Leste 2006

In May 2006, intense civil unrest erupted in Timor Leste following the sacking of 595 Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL) soldiers by the Prime Minister, Mari Alkatiri. Fighting between the F-FDTL and the Timor Leste National Police Force (PNTL) resulted in the collapse of law and order, security and judicial frameworks throughout the country. Subsequently, the Timor Leste Government requested international support to restore and maintain law and order, and provide humanitarian relief to displaced persons forced to flee the fighting.

The ADF response to the intrastate violence was the establishment of Joint Task Force (JTF) 631 and the deployment of approximately 2200 personnel supported by aviation and maritime components. Despite the collapse of law and order, domestic Timorese law (framed within the Timor Leste Criminal Procedure Code) remained extant. Additionally, ADF personnel were permitted to exercise the powers of the PNTL, under the Status of Forces Agreement, for the purpose of establishing security and stability.

The MP contingent deployed as part of JTF 631 comprised of a General Duties platoon with attached MPD, CPP and Investigator capabilities. Although significantly small in size, the MP contingent provided the following specialist support to JTF 631 efforts to restore and maintain law and order, in accordance with doctrinal functions detailed in LWD 0-1-3:

Law Enforcement

Conduct of joint patrols with the AFP.
Arrest and detention support to AFP and Battle Group cordon and search operations.
MPD support to AFP General Duties operations.
Support to the conduct of investigations by AFP and United Nations Police (UNPOL).
Collection and preservation of evidence.

DETENTION OPERATIONS

Establishment and maintenance of a Defence Detention Facility.
Establishment of a Detention Management Team.
Support to the re-establishment of the Timor Leste judicial system.
Review and amendment of JTF 631 SOPs on Apprehension, Search, Disarmament and Detention in order to align with the Timor Leste Criminal Procedure Code.

SECURITY OPERATIONS

Command and control support to Battle Group Population Protection and Control operations.
Provision of CPP to key Timor Leste Government Ministers and other VIPs.
Physical security of the Dili District Court in order to facilitate judicial proceedings.
Provision of MP General Duties and MPD capabilities to the Commander’s Reserve Force.

The MP contingent maintained a key responsibility for the restoration and maintenance of law and order within the Dili region for a period of four months. During the period June–October 2006, the contingent processed in excess of 1000 criminal detainees, and was instrumental in the re-invigoration of the fledging Timor Leste judicial system. The ability of the MP contingent to provide a diverse range of specialist policing support, in conjunction with the AFP and UNPOL, enabled effective interim measures to be implemented until UNPOL was capable of assuming operational leadership. Additionally, the ability of the MP contingent to rapidly assimilate extant domestic laws and procedures, and foster strong operational cooperation with key international CIVPOL components, was attributed to its commonality of training and operational (domestic and offshore) experiences with CIVPOL.

Conclusion

The evolution of modern peace and stability operations has resulted in an increasing need for the ADF to perform a constabulary role in a medium to low threat environment, until the transition of responsibility to indigenous and/or international CIVPOL components. The military-led restoration and maintenance of law and order has been a key element of the ADF response to recent internal conflicts in which the rule of law and legal system is either weak or has collapsed. The ADF is generally not structured or trained for the inherent challenges of conducting Constabulary Operations, a concept previously undefined within Land doctrine. Subsequently, it must utilise the unique training, skills and experience of its MP to achieve precise, discriminate and tailored effects commensurate with the complex conflict environment, as demonstrated in Timor Leste in 2006.

As the AFP seeks to enhance its interoperability with the ADF, and establish the IDG as a leading international CIVPOL organisation, the commonality of training, cooperation and operational experiences of the RACMP makes it the most suitable organisation to contribute to, and lead, ADF–AFP interoperability initiatives. Extant MP–AFP training and domestic cooperation mechanisms, combined with the development of operational and tactical interoperability frameworks such as the JIPCC, will enable MP to address no less than 17 recommendations made by the eight ADF–AFP interoperability working groups. Through the implementation of extant and developmental concepts, and greater contribution to future interoperability initiatives, the MP will maintain a fundamental role in enhancing ADF-AFP interoperability on peace and stability operations.

KEY ADF-AFP INTEROPERABILITY WORKING GROUP RECOMMENDATIONS

LEGAL WORKING GROUP

004 - Map out existing legal arrangements between the ADF/AFP such as Memorandums of Understanding and establish the status of these arrangements.

• Review of the ‘Memorandum of Understanding Between the Australian Federal Police and Department of Defence on Enhanced Cooperation on Policing Matters’ dated 7 August 2007.

PLANNING WORKING GROUP

017 - Identify and report on opportunities for the increased use of liaison embedded and exchange officers between elements of the ADF and AFP.

• Secondment or exchange of MP personnel to the Capability and Development Branch or ORG (Capability Development and Special Projects) of the AFP IDG in order to develop doctrine, SOPs, TTPs and training.

• Embedding a MP Liaison Officer within HQ JOC (Operations and/or Plans)

• Embedding MP personnel within a Joint Interagency Policing Coordination Cell (JIPCC) in theatre.

019 - Develop mechanisms and processes for interagency planning regarding intelligence sharing at the strategic and operational levels.

• Development of criminal intelligence mechanisms as part of the all-source intelligence cell.

065 - Investigate and make recommendations on the development of a combined ADF/AFP Weapons Technical Intelligence (WTI) and exploitation capability.

• Contribution to WTI development program.

OPERATIONS WORKING GROUP

036 - Develop protocols and procedures, at the tactical level, to allow effective tasking of combined interagency forces, and to support seamless transitions from military to police, and where necessary to indigenous authorities.

• Development of JIPCC protocols and procedures.

• Combined interagency training to examine, review and amend JIPCC protocols and procedures.

042 - Clarification and possible enhancement of the role of MP and the AFP in joint operations or at time of handover. The review is to address investigative capability, detainee management, forensics and prosecution.

• Development of the JIPCC and Joint Interagency Policing Teams (JIPTs), including the identification and conduct of training opportunities.

049 - Investigate operational command responsibility, relationships between ADF/AFP commanders at the tactical level.

• Contribution to the Operations Working Group.

051 - Investigation into the adoption of a Tactical Combined Command Post and the development of common Combined Command Post procedures.

• Development of the JIPCC Tactical (JIPCC Tac) concept.

052 - Investigation into how Military Personnel Support Detachments (PSDs)/AFP Close Personnel Protection (CPP) and Very Important Persons (VIPs) are to be handled and organised with regards to management of protection responsibilities.

• Review the RACMP CPP contribution to this issue considering the position of RACMP as the Training Adviser for CPP. Confirm PSD authorised training with Defence.

053 - Establish a mechanism, prior to deployment, the factors and level of threat that will determine whether a tactical situation requires a military or police response.

• Contribution to the Operations Working Group.

INTELLIGENCE WORKING GROUP

062 - Develop mechanisms and processes for interagency intelligence sharing at the tactical level.

• Development of criminal intelligence mechanisms as part of the all-source intelligence cell.

DOCTRINE, EDUCATION AND TRAINING (DET) WORKING GROUP

071 - Develop training regimes to inculcate a joint ADF and AFP approach to operations at the tactical level.

• Reciprocal attendance on ADF/AFP training, across the entire spectrum of interagency policing will inculcate a joint ADF/AFP approach.

075 - Examine and make recommendations on making terminology standard, where appropriate, between the ADF and AFP—including doctrine and acronyms.

• Examination of current terminology/language employed by MP.

077 - Identify ADF/AFP training that may be suitable for ADF/AFP attendance and develop a mechanism to encourage and expedite access to such training.

• AFP participation in MP-specific training (MRT, DPTC courses, 1 MP Bn exercises, etc).

• MP participation in AFP-specific training (ORG exercises, IDPD, etc).

• AFP participation in ADF training and planning exercises (MRE, VITAL series, etc).

• Identification and development of training required to address ADF/AFP capability gaps.

• Enhancement and/or development of the extant ADF/AFP MOU (Enhancing Policing Matters) to expedite access to such training.

079 - Investigate whether training can be made into a nationally recognised standard.

• Review (mapping) of current competency standards for MP training.

080 - Investigate incorporating ADF/AFP lecturing on each others’ capabilities at appropriate levels of Defence and the AFP training institutions.

• Identification of suitable ADF/AFP courses, seminars, training activities, etc, that will facilitate the exchange of organisational information.

CAPABILITY WORKING GROUP

120 - The development of less lethal capability needs to provide individual, joint ADF/AFP teams and combined arms teams with an enhanced graduated response capability. This needs to include close quarter and stand off less lethal capabilities.

• Contribution to the Joint Non-Lethal Capability program.

Endnotes

1 Echo Security Review 2004, European Commission’s Directorate for Humanitarian Aid, p. 71,

2 Charles C Krulak, 31st Commandant of the US Marine Corps, ‘The Three Block War: Fighting in Urban Areas’, National Press Club, 15 December 1997.

3 Australian Defence Doctrine Publication 3.8, Peace Operations, Department of Defence, Chapter 1, p. 1–19.

4 Australian Defence Force Publication 3.8.1, Peace Operations, Planning and Procedures, Department of Defence, Chapter 5, p. 5–3.

5 Inquiry into Australia’s Involvement in Peacekeeping Operations, The AFP Submission to the Senate Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade, March 2007, p. 7.

6 Dr Mike Kelly, ‘Crime Experts to Patrol Hot Zones’, The Canberra Times, 17 May 2008, p. 7.

7 Australian Defence Force Publication 3.8.1, p. 5–12.

8 Land Warfare Doctrine 0-1-3, Military Policing, Land Warfare Development Centre, Chapter 1, p. 1–1.

9 Combat Policing involves the ability to operate and conduct policing functions in a medium to high threat environment.

10 Australian Defence Force Publication 3.8.1, p. 5–12.

11 International Policing Toward 2020, Conference Booklet, held in Canberra, 19–21 November 2007, pp. 1–2.

12 Australian Federal Police, ‘International Deployment’, <http://www.afp.gov.au/international/IDG.html>.

13 Juani O’Reilly, ‘Policing the neighbourhood and keeping peace in the Pacific’, Platypus, Journal of the Australian Federal Police, No. 96, September 2007, p. 11.

14 Inquiry into Australia’s Involvement in Peacekeeping Operations, p. 9.

15 ‘Interoperability Review Between the Australian Defence Force and the Australian Federal Police for Regional Stabilisation Operations’, Australian Federal Police, 2007, p. 7.

16 Ibid.

17 Constabulary Operations are operations in which law enforcement, security and/or military forces are required to police a population in accordance with indigenous or imposed rule of law processes. This definition encompasses operations that, by their nature, are conducted in a medium to low threat environment to restore and maintain law and order.

18 Constabulary Actions, as defined within Adaptive Campaigning (2009), are actions that provide policing capabilities appropriate to the environment, collection of criminal intelligence, evidence preservation, investigations, judicial support and detention management. Constabulary Actions is a sub-concept of the Population Protection line of operation.

19 ‘Interoperability Review Between the Australian Defence Force and the Australian Federal Police for Regional Stabilisation Operations’, p. 10.

20 Ibid.

21 Ibid.

Damian Eaton